Estimation of Quercetin from Diospyros Lotus L. Fruit Collected from Forest of Ajk, Pakistan

Abstract

Diospyros lotus L., commonly known as Amlok, is a wild fruit-bearing species distributed in the forests of northern Pakistan. Its fruits are small, dark purple to nearly black, and characterized by a tart and astringent taste. This study investigated the qualitative and quantitative phytochemical composition, antioxidant potential, and antibacterial activity of D. lotus fruit using conventional analytical methods. Phytochemical screening was conducted to assess secondary metabolites, including flavonoids, quercetin, alkaloids, saponins, tannins, and total phenolic compounds, using different solvents. The results revealed variation in phytochemical detection and abundance among the solvent extracts. Tannins were present in the highest amount among the investigated secondary metabolites, potentially contributing to the fruit’s characteristic astringency. The fruit also contained considerable amounts of carbohydrates and other phytochemicals, including quercetin, a flavonoid with recognized antioxidant properties. Antioxidant assays indicated appreciable antioxidant potential, suggesting that D. lotus fruit may be a promising source of natural antioxidants. However, no antibacterial activity was observed against either the Gram-negative bacterium Escherichia coli or the Gram-positive bacterium Staphylococcus aureus under the experimental conditions. These findings highlight the phytochemical richness and potential nutritional value of D. lotus fruit and support further investigation of its bioactive constituents and possible applications in food and health-related products.