Simple Sequence Repeat Marker as a Guided Genetic Approach to Increase Cardiovascular Health-Promoting Withanolides from Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal: A Review

Abstract

Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal is a globally important medicinal plant of the Solanaceae family, primarily valued for its roots, which are rich in bioactive secondary metabolites, particularly withanolides. In Ayurveda, W. somnifera is widely recognized for its cardioprotective properties and additional pharmacological activities, including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. However, wild populations are rapidly declining due to overharvesting, habitat loss, low seed germination, poor natural regeneration, and genetic erosion. Considerable genetic variability in withanolide content further increases the vulnerability of natural populations to environmental stress. Recent advances in molecular genetics, especially the use of simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers, enable high-resolution assessment of genetic diversity and identification of allelic variants associated with withanolide biosynthesis. To address poor germination and weak regeneration, emerging approaches such as nano-priming have demonstrated potential for enhancing seed germination and seedling vigor. Additionally, breeding superior genotypes offers opportunities to improve phytochemical productivity. This review integrates current genetic and biotechnological strategies, emphasizing SSR marker applications linked to withanolide biosynthetic pathways and their relevance to cardiovascular health. It also identifies existing knowledge gaps and highlights the translational potential of molecular breeding for sustainable phytopharmaceutical development of W. somnifera.